Movements in Photography II

Kim Taylor for 180 degree imaging
© Kim Taylor, 2009. All Rights Reserved.

Has Photography Changed?

Good question, especially in light of our Movements in Photography article which would seem to suggest it does.

Painting and sculpture have a development which we can see yes? From the first crude attempts at beads and wall paintings through developments in style which may or may not reflect conventions in the society it existed within.

Check out the Venus of Wallendorf on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_figurines crafted about 25,000 to 30,000 years ago. Hmm, has sculpture developed much since then? In that same article you'll see the Venus of Brassempouy which is dated to 24-25,000 years ago and that piece is actually pretty impressive.

Alright, cave paintings from about the same time period? Coloured pigments, representations that are still quite recognizable.

OK I guess that those two arts are roughly as they are today, the basics haven't changed, sculptures are three dimensional images carved from blocks of material and paintings are pigment on a two dimensional surface. By this type of definition / classification, photography also seems to have spring full-fledged into existance at one go, so no, photography has not changed since it's origin...

Well at first it was a chemical recording of images created through reaction with light on two dimensional surfaces. I suppose digital images are different, in that they are photo-electronic rather than photo-chemical, and they are not always printed out with pigment, dye or silver on paper surfaces, but often displayed on electronic screens. Yet we call it photography so OK maybe photography has indeed changed since it was created 170 years ago.

What implication does this have on our "history of... " theories with their chronological marches through time, art school following art school up to our peak of creativity today? Is development, change and chronology the way to go when thinking about art?

Give me some time to think about that one while I head out to a family holiday event.

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Right, I'm back and I think I need to stop looking at art in a historical context. The development of different art schools and the idea of a progression from primative to modern seems a bit of an artificial concept to me now. This is especially true in the history of photography when you consider its age. Let's go through the history of photography schools and see what we find.


Year School Who? Technical events
1800

Wedgewood creates sun pictures (silver nitrate on leather)
1827 architecture
Niepce creates the heliograph (bitumen
1837

Daguerre creates the dagurreotype
1839 architecture
Fox Talbot creates the calotype (paper negatives)
1841 portraits

social documentary
Richard Beard (daguerreotypes) first portraitist in Britain. Also shoots street scenes concerning the London poor
1843 architectural Hill and Adamson, callotypes taken in various Scottish cities
c. 1850 landscape / travel Bourne pack trains over the Himalayas
Frith 1850 into the middle east
c. 1850 erotica life photos for artists and erotica for the rest
1851-54 documentary

Philip Delamotte documents the re-building of the Crystal Palace in 1853-54. 


1851

Archer creates the collodion process
1852 pictorialism H.P. Robinson starts to photograph, writes Pictorial Effect in Photography in1867
1852-6 War reportage Roger Fenton in Russia, Crimean war
1853 portraiture Nadar opens his portrait studio
1854

Disderi creates the Carte de visite
1856 censorship The King of Naples forbids the practice of photography in his dominions
1857 combination printing Oscar Rejlander shows The Two Ways of Life
1861 War reportage Matthew Brady goes to war
1864 pictorialism Julia Margaret Cameron starts photography
1870 landscape / travel The West (O'Sullivan and Jackson)
1871

Maddox creates the dry gelatin plate process
1874 censorship London police seize 130,000 obscene photos
1877 2-3 sec. portraits Van der Weyde, Carte de Visite photographer Electric studio lighting
1877 social documentary John Thompson shoots street life in lsondon
1878 science Muybridge and his horse
1888

Eastman creates the Kodak roll-film camera
1889 Naturalism P.H. Emerson, Naturalistic photography (vs. pictorialism and combination printing)
1890 social documentary Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives
1891

Edison patents his kinetoscope
1892 Linked Ring (England) H.P. Robinson and George Davidson resign from the Photographic Society. Robinson founds the Linked Ring, which includes Frank Sutcliffe, Frederick Evans, Paul Martin, and Alfred Stieglitz.
1895

The Lumiere brothers
1900 Mega-negatives The mammoth, 4.5 x 8 feet
1902 Photo Succession (New York City) Stieglitz (pictorialism) Wire photos
1906 travel Curtis and the west
1909 social documentary Louis Hine and child labour
1912-17 Abstraction (Vortographs) Alvin Langdon Coburn photographs The Octopus (aerial view 1912) and shows his vortographs (mirror kaleidoscope, 1917)
1917 False Reportage Cottingham Fairies
1921 Dada and surrealism Man Ray and rayographs
1923

Edgerton creates xenon flash (strobe) photography
1925

35mm Leica
1928 New Objectivity Renger-Patzsch publishes The World is Beautiful a book of ordinary houses and industrial sites
1932-1935 f/64 (Naturalism) Adams, Weston et al. 

Decisive moment Cartier-Bresson buys a Leica
1933 social documentary Brassai Paris de nuit
1935 social documentary FSA photographers Kodachrome 
1947
Magnum agency
1948 Chimping The original instant gratification and the death of mathematical studio lighting Land creates the Polaroid camera
Asahi creates the automatic diaphragm
1949

Zeiss Contax pentaprism
1950 fotoform abstraction and Bauhaus inspiration
1955 street Steichen Family of Man
1960 street Winogrand starts photographing on the street
1973

Fairchild CCD chip
1976
MOMA - William Eggleston's guide
1977-1980 pictorialism Cindy Sherman Untitled Film Stills
1978

Konica introduces the autofocus
1980

Sony introduces the consumer camcorder
1982

Sony Mavica digital still camera
1984

Canon introduces the digital electronic still camera
1985

Minolta introduces autofocus
1988 pictorialism Sally Mann photographs her children
2000

Sharp introduces the camera phone

Well, three days of research later and I've come up with the table above. What is glaringly obvious to me is that we can make a timeline of photographic equipment and chemical development but there is no way we can say that photography has chronological movements. Movements yes, but they don't follow each other, rather what movements can be supported by the technology will appear within a year or two of the technology.

Where did Jeff Wall (re-created reality) come from? The very first pictorialists of the mid 1800s who roped their relatives into posing for created tableau.

Ansel Adams and f/64 the inventors of "straight" photography? Straight back to P.H. Emerson's 1889 book on naturalistic photography which has to be traced back to the technicians and academicians who dominated the photographic societies in the 1860s against which the pictorialists (the art is more important than the accuracy of the representation) railed.

Robert Capa and war photography? Robert Fenton in the Crimea in 1852.

Travel photography, again back to the 1850s when photographers hauled baggage trains over the mountains to shoot their 8x10 wet-plate collodian plates.

Megapixel Madness? How about the Mammoth of 1850, think of the megapixel equivalent of a negative that is 4.5 x 8 feet.

Street photography comes from Robert Frank and Gary Winogrand in 1960 right? Oops, H. Cartier-Bresson and the Leica of 1925... Lartigue? Street photography appears when we have a small fast camera that we can shove into people's faces.

Digital manipulation scandals? I give you the Cottingham Fairies of 1917.

I'm sure you can come up with your own conclusions looking at the table and doing a bit of searching online to follow some threads.

Notes:


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